bush poetry, original short stories, and original poems. What mystery your cayes unfold so many legends never stood, of the baymen who bled and died on sands of cayes for their pride. So we have not been seeing our history in true perspective if we saw it at all.Too many of us continue looking in the same direction today, seeing in our independence an arrival to become European, to become American, to become anything but West Indian. The black intellectuals are as much a part of the white capitalist system as are bank managers and plantation overseers. When one is ready to sacrifice one's country on the altar of racism, all other sacrifices are insignificant by comparison. In 1783, Spain had, by the Cedula of Population allowed Roman Catholic nationals of friendly states to settle in Trinidad with their slaves. Our warped consciousness is nowhere more evident than in the image of Africa which we sometimes project in local dance. provided by the Government. For secondary school places are available for about 15% of the children from the primary schools who are eligible for them every year. 
plantation economy ruined Italy, but I had not the slightests idea of how it had ruined the West Indies and was even then ruining Trinidad. The Chinese proved unequal to the demands of labour on the sugar plantations and the scheme was curtailed.11 After Emancipation, the Apprenticeship system, which had been devised to prevent a large-scale exodus from the plantations, continued till 1838, when it was discontinued by an amendment to the Emancipation Act.12 The Trinidad planters suffered from an acute shortage of labour, since the freed slaves, naturally enough, showed no love for plantation labour. Of those that passed, some were absorbed into the Civil Service, banks and offices of business firms. By 1797 there were 2400 whites, 10,009 slaves and 41,900 free coloured. eyes in a boats drain. passed in fewer than five subjects. The most arable lands were in the hands of the Spanish, French or British landowners some of them absentee. The desirability of adapting a basically British system has been questioned for at least a decade, but what one thinker describes as an "almost paranoic suspicion of things local". The middle classes and arrivistes from the lower ranks are torn by their longing to identify with white European values, which includes scorn for blackness, and their own instinctive responsiveness to the values and expressions of the lower classes. ", of the Trinidad legislature to make provision for popular education. Granadillas, bamboo-shoots, The combination of historical, social and cultural circumstances results in the popular self-concept being a negative one; and this is reinforced by an education that is largely extra-oriented. A furore was created in the summer of 1967 when a graduate student from the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education circulated a questionnaire among high school students to determine how students were affected by racial/political attitudes in the home. That society offers educated black men secure positions of privilege and relatively secure economic conditions in exchange for their souls. Inside a feather There is the breath of a breeze. Because of the pressure for school places, most of them were forced to leave school. Vilma Dune. Four and a half centuries of imperialsm [sic], marred by slavery and indentured immigration, cannot be cast off at will, like a garment. a week of two before "Open Day", when children are given a sheet of drawing paper and paints, they are so afraid of spoiling the precious paper that they are stultified in their expression. Vima Kumar Dube. The stark realities of economic depression prescribed the former. The institution of slavery did not evolve to meet the exigencies of the Caribbean situation. The leader of the Indian party had also excelled in the academic world. The total number of immigrants for the period 1854 to 1917 was 134,183. Then one day the boy came to the tree. Out of this new awareness has come a revision of old concepts and a definition of new ones. To produce a programme aimed at husbanding the resources mineral, agricultural and human, of the country in such as way as to ensure that the benefits accrued to the people was a very demanding task. There had been an end of preferential treatment in the British market for West Indian sugar. The most important feature of the cultural life is the self-rejection which is inherent in it. The eyes fly. Many parents are unable to buy books which are. inland and one commanding a beautiful deep-water harbour on the northern coast for the establishment of American bases. General Sir Ralph Abercromby was sent on a mission to take Trinidad. The Mico Charity was one of the most substantial financial supplementers of the Government grant. The system of awarding "island scholarships" became a regular feature of the secondary school system. It did seem, after the middle of the twentieth century, that this state of affairs was about to be changed. This was certainly not indicative of adequate teacher provision. Their progress must have been remarkable, for in 1888, only 17 years after the beginning of this work, Rev. Similarly with the digging and distributing of, Today, petroleum and its byproducts are responsible for 80% of our exports. Rumours of a city of gold in the Orinoco basin focussed attention on Trinidad at the mouth of that river, as a footboard to the interior. we have willed for ourselves, that without constraint we are free to move heaven, earth and the stars. It had existed in Europe for centuries before this, unquestioned by Graeco-Roman or by Christian ethics. WebInside a shell Inside a shell There is the whisper of a wave. She immigrated to Canada with her family in the 1970s. Is me bowl o bilin cawfee in de marnin", Ongoing Discovered Music of the Caribbean, "I walked in the cold, quiet as If it were the world beginning; Peeling and eating a chilled tangerine. for which very high prices were being paid in Europe. Learn how to write a poem about Seashell and share it! But they have a new subject in the time table: It is "Intelligence". Author: John Donne Confidence: Absolute (100%) Comments: Smith (1971): 48. Revolutionaries as well as free coloured refugees also took advantage of the Cedula. , Paris: Prsence Africaine, 1956, p.83. 61Eric Williams, Trinidad & Tobago Express, Feb.2, 1968. Note the Creole: In you dutty-powder gown I could discuss quite learnedly the Latin dictum, theat plantation economy ruined Italy, but I had not the slightests idea of how it had ruined the West Indies and was even then ruining Trinidad.57. Today the position is that British Sugar Companies still own the most accessible and arable lands, and do all the manufacturing of sugar. Apart from one abortive attempt to plant a colony, Trinidad remained unnoticed by Spain till the close of the sixteenth century. My arithmetical problems dealt with pounds, shillings and pence in the classroom, but I had to reckon in dollars and cents when I went shopping with my mother. These social differentiations remained fairly fixed, though "liberal" ideas required that "black people of merit" be allowed through the escape hatch into upper levels. Since, as has already been indicated, the exam is very highly competitive, the teachers of these all-important classes vie with one another in developing in their pupils test mastery. The creole power-groups preferred the colonial relationship rather than face the growth of democracy at home. Sparrows great grandson. 46Cambridge Examiner, Feb.2, 1906 quoted in S.C.Gordon in A Century of West Indian Education, p.145. Almost everything that was locally consumed had to be imported. The idea has been briefly expressed by Dr. Andrew Camacho, Lecturer in Caribbean Studies, University of the West Indies: There is no school curriculum suited to our human, social and economic needs that could help Trinidadians to "think local".34. A five-year contract period was followed by a five-year free labour period at the end of which the Indian could return home. Sheldon Allan Shel Silverstein (1930-1999), also naming himself Uncle Shelby in some works was an American poet and writer of childrens book, also known for his cartoons and song-writing, as well as screen-writing. When it is accompanied by a devotion ofto "Mother India" which it is sometimes, it is indeed un-Trinidadian. They are able to analyse shapes of eyes, noses and lips, textures of hair, and shades of skin colour with the finesse of detectives. The Government School for Females had turned out 38, 37 of whom were teaching. to diffuse a grammatical knowledge of the English language as the most important agent of civilization for the coloured population of the colonies. The fact that the masses were existing on the crumbs was regrettable, but to destroy a system merely to improve their lot was entirely out of the question. The Government felt called upon to defend it. Very often the physical violence is simply the parent's response to the bitter realities of existence. They want to wear mini-skirts and go dancing. Apart from one abortive attempt to plant a colony, Trinidad remained unnoticed by Spain till the close of the sixteenth century. The conditioning that had trained them to despise what they were and whence they had come was too complete to be eradicated by the application of reason. In April 1968, over 40,000 children from Primary schools in Trinidad and Tobago, aged 11 and 12, sat the "Common Entrance Examinations" of the Ministry of Education and Culture . WebDub-lyricism is a new form of (oral) music-poetry" (Johnson, p. 398). In return for, old destroyers, the British gave to the United States a 99-year lease on two extensive parcels of land in Trinidad on. Even today, only a massive loan from the World Bank can make possible any improvement in the field of education. The Churches, Roman Catholic, Anglican, One of the biggest problems the early administrators in the field of education had was that of teaching English to a people, over two-thirds of who. 34Trinidad and Tobago Express, September 19, 1968. We have first of all to come to terms with our environment before we can come to terms with the rest of the world. The Sea Shell from Selected Poems by Marin Sorescu, translated by Michael Hamburger. Apart from one or two notable exceptions, theirs was a dedication to improve their own lot, within the context of the existing status quo. In 1966, one of the largest financial burdens of the country was the $ 90 million that had to be sent abroad to buy food. This brief historical sketch will leave on with an impression of a tiny island peopled entirely by migrants of every colour white, black, brown, yellow to use the inaccurate epithets that have gained universal acceptance, some having come of their own volition, others not so fortunate; an island that after 300 years of Spain's questionable paternalism and 150 years of Britain's questionable paternalism, has moved into an era of equally questionable independence. The schools that, there are grossly over-crowded and ill-equipped. In The Jamaica Market by Agnes Maxwell-Hall, foods and goods of make small cameos in the gradual evocation of the neat parts which make up the market place. They were characterized by their anxiety to disclaim blood or cultural ties with their darker-skinned relatives. While in the past the owners were British Companies, today the name of Texaco dwarfs the others on the list. A High School teacher, at a meeting of the teachers in the English Department of the school, suggested that one of the reasons for the poor standard of English was the fact that the pupils were seldom exposed to literature that was truly meaningful, i.e. Furthermore, he preferred Western music to Indian drums. The influence that this fact has on the curriculum and the methods employed by the teachers will be dealt with in a later section. It had existed in Europe for centuries before this, unquestioned by Graeco-Roman or by Christian ethics. In April 1968, over 40,000 children from Primary schools in Trinidad and Tobago, aged 11 and 12, sat the "Common Entrance Examinations" of the Ministry of Education and Culture . So in 1592, nearly one hundred years after its discovery, a permanent settlement was begun with Don Antonio de Berrio as Governor.5 When events began to prove not only to the Spaniards, but to the English, French and Dutch as well, that the city of gold was only legendary, the settlers turned to the cultivation of tobacco and sugar,6for which very high prices were being paid in Europe. By the 1. inidad and Tobago Express, discussing the failure of intellectuals to come to terms with the problems of the coun, y, after bemoaning the fact that in Trinidad and Tobago "all true, all original dissent is a swan song", goes on to say. It is well-known that the Denominational Boards build schools at two-thirds and even less sometimes, of the cost incurred by the Government, although the Denominational Boards are not noted for the excellence of their accounting. Trinidad had received about 3,000. Two major political parties have evolved a predominantly Negro one and a predominantly Indian one each as rabidly racist as the other. Apart from one or two notable exceptions, theirs was a dedication to improve their own lot, within the context of the existing status quo. What I knew of slavery and the plantation economy came from Roman history. It is difficult to over-estimate the far-reaching effects that economics has on the education of the young. More than half of these students "failed" i.e. The discrimination that exists both as a result of primary attitudes and as secondary products of other features, e.g. On July 31, 1498, Columbus, on his third voyage across the Atlantic sighted land. of sea shells that all look alike. In the field of currency and banking the pattern is the same. From the time the child enters at five and owing to shortage of places at the primary level, not all children do gain admission at five . In Trinidad the Government was faced with the problem of dealing with differences of race and religion and with the non-English speaking populations. ], marred by slavery and indentured immigration, cannot be cast off at will, like a garment. Of all the fools I've played and beat, you're the first one who lost with a smile." Therein perhaps lies the secret of their creativity. Already fluctuations in the world sugar market, with competition from beet sugar, were being reflected in the local economy. My own research has shown that on average if a child comes from a white, Chinese or racially mixed family background his chances of obtaining a secondary education are greater than if he comes from a Negro or East Indian family.there are four times as many Chinese, three times as many whites and about one and a half times as many children of mixed racial descent in these schools as their total representation in the population would suggest. They are impatient of the tentacles of the extended family system. One thing was missing. The structure of its production has gone hand in hand with widespread unemployment and an extremely inequitable distribution of income. The Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord John Russell,in a memo on the Circular Despatch, (March 1841) could not refrain from mentioning "how much better able the Negroes are to pay for the education of their children than our own labourers. Even when there seemed to be some appreciation of local art-forms, such as the steel band and calypsoes, this appreciation in the beginning was restricted to a mere handful. Some people likes de tea,
on one or two show pieces, when that same sum of money could have been more wisely used to provide facilities and school places for twice or three times as many children. Turtles, goat-skins, cinnamon, In 1864 the scholar who topped the island in the Senior Cambridge Examination was awarded a scholarship to further his studies at a university in England. An To continued reliance of foreign expertise as principal agents in the formulation of policy of emergent countries to the exclusion of native skills and understanding of the situation, whatever the limitations of the national advisers may be, is a sign of the psychological dependence of the old order. They had the intelligence, they were trained at the "best" universities, they understood the problem. The desirability of adapting a basically British system has been questioned for at least a decade, but what one thinker describes as an "almost paranoic suspicion of things local"1 has precluded any action. Lemons, purple Congo-beans, Gradual progress in the democratisation of the governing machinery was made until at last on August 31, 1962, the Union Jack was lowered and the flag of an independent Trinidad and Tobago was hoisted. In the organizing of the economy one principle had always been paramount the principle of maximum profits for the metropolitan powers. The hardest thing to accept in all this is the fact that after more than a century and a half afterwards, the same horrors continue to dog us. Yet the point he makes can be well borne out. "Mother India" which it is sometimes, it is indeed un-Trinidadian. Big Bend Elementary School library in Mukwonago, Wisconsin banned the book because it contained poems that glorified Satan, suicide, and cannibalism.. They have been exposed to literature, movies, music, even fashions from the Western world, particularly America. And now for a look at the Social Legacy. So in 1592, nearly one hundred years after its discovery, a permanent settlement was begun with Don Antonio de Berrio as Governor. It was not always plain sailing however. Garcia, History of the West Indies, Edinburgh: Harrap & Co.Ltd., 1965, p.36. the words for mother, father, grandmother etc. The secondary schools were characterised by imported curricula and imported teachers. Rumour has it that the plan was produced as a pre-condition to getting a loan from the World Bank to finance development in the field of education. The social stratification that had evolved with it, i.e., white, coloured, black, in that order, is still with us. In Trinidad they had over 40 schools, 26 teachers and 1,971 scholars in roll, the average attendance being 1554. On the rare occasions, i.e. There was no higher honour than to win one of these coveted scholarships. Oriental regard for elders makes rebellion difficult. In a press interview he explained that he had written that section of his autobiography in 1954, i.e. (LogOut/ The high school teachers have been complaining for years about the difficulty of beginning a five-year curriculum which is supposed to culminate in the Cambridge Ordinary Level Examinations when most of their pupils come up from the primary school unable to express a though, Harsh disciplinary measures, both at home and at school contribute to the murder of individuality. Pagan fruit whose names are rhymes, By this system a school received a grant in proportion to the number of children who satisfied the inspector in the three R's. In this poem he tells us about a human that he is a social being and can't live a life of loneliness Mastery of facts takes precedence over all other aims. My brain is shrunk, I cannot hear, No further evidence of this cooperation is needed than the fact that for years, the leader of the Opposition was an absentee, being on the staff of London University, and at the same time drawing his salary as a representative of the people. Columbus' description of his one brief encounter with them in not conclusive. Kidnapped! Press alt + / to open this menu. The pressures exerted by poverty and general depressed living standards are also great. The plantation one-crop economy dominated the scene. As time went on a denominational system of education became well defined. When to all this is added the absurdity of a system where human worth and dignity were measured solely by whiteness and wealth, one can imagine the ramshackle world which is now striving fo. There are stories from Jamaica, St. Lucia, Curacao, Trinidad, and Barbados. The secondary schools were characterised by imported curricula and imported teachers. WebWho doth not fling away the shell Poem Genre / Form: Sestet aabccb Themes: Social order. They must have been referring to Ladies First.. Of these,90% were East Indians, the majority of them under 30. anti-Negro. Webstruggles to live, to heat their houses, to buy food and survive. The second is the incompatibility of two recurring demands: the demand for reduced budgets in education and that for greater efficiency in education. An index of this conflict is probably the high suicide rate among this section of the population. The East was still to offer a solution to the labour problem. The only ting fo me
were selected for further education. Our warped consciousness is nowhere more evident than in the image of Africa which we sometimes project in local dance. When we went off on our jungle trip. The efforts of the British Governor to have a secular system of education introduced, as a means of combating the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, met with opposition from religious bodies. Of pebbles rolling round, For ever rolling with a hollow sound. nationhood. It did seem, after the middle of the twentieth century, that this state of affairs was about to be changed. That burns all the colours into one. It is significant that the report of the above speech in the local newspaper was headlined: "Lecturer: Racial Equality in Education Greater Here", on the basis, presumably, of remarks which indicated that the situation was worse in some territories. And when he was tired, To produce a programme aimed at husbanding the resources mineral, agricultural and human, of the country in such as way as to ensure that the benefits accrued to the people was a very demanding task. The toilet facilities are shockingly inadequate, and in some cases a very real health hazard. Swish to and fro. He had come to the most southerly of the chain of islands linking Florida to South America and enclosing the Caribbean Sea. An index of this conflict is probably the high suicide rate among this section of the population. This helps to explain why it was easy for the traditional vested interests to control the Government, though on the surface it might seem a contradiction that a Negro Government should be willing to cooperate with interests that were foreign, white, often anti-labour, i.e. A teacher, in front of a class of 60 children in a room 12' x 12' finds herself faced with a syllabus, very narrow and academic in content, which must be covered in the race for coveted secondary school places. The most arable lands were in the hands of the Spanish, French or British landowners some of them absentee. As Dr. Camacho said to the Rotary Club in Port-of-Spain on September 17, 1968, "Although some of our children may be well instructed, the vast majority are poorly educated." He could not have done this without the permission of the Government. The efforts of the British Governor to have a secular system of education introduced, as a means of combating the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, met with opposition from religious bodies. There are stories from the Amerindians. This handing over was ratified by the Peace of Amiens 1802 when the island became formally British. In vain then, did the masses look to their leaders for a unifying idea around which they could integrate their nationalism. Camacho Trinidad and Tobago Express, September 19, 1968, p.3. LOVE Je-ro Because of the pressure for school places, most of them were forced to leave school. And had it not been for the establishment of this important institution there seemed a likelihood of the 'toe of the peasant coming so near to the heel of the courtier as to gal his kibe' for those born in the higher positions of life might have had to give way in point of intellectual culture to the pupils of popular education.41. The combination of historical, social and cultural circumstances results in the popular self-concept being a negative one; and this is reinforced by an education that is largely extra-oriented. Trinidadians have developed a sixth sense for separating ethnic strains that have become blended in individuals. Also know that we prayed for you and all your loved ones all throughout the weekend too. A despatch from the Colonial Office in 1847 giving their ideas for primary education in the colonies had emphasized the importance of the English language: to diffuse a grammatical knowledge of the English language as the most important agent of civilization for the coloured population of the colonies.42, The three other main emphases of the Colonial Office are worth noting. society which has its own political, cultural and psychological identity, which sets its own goals and values for itself rather than taking them from other societies, and, most important, which gives to the ordinary (?) It was only natural that the system by applied to the production of wealth in the New World. A measure of their dedication to the education of the masses lies in the fact that they chose to encourage the establishment of secondary schools at a time when they were failing to provide adequate education at the elementary level for all. In the first place, the limited resources of the country are reflected in the inadequacy of the provisions that are made in the field of education. More than half of these students "failed" i.e. Mangoes, breadfruit, ginger-roots, Continue to inform yourselves and take action, otherwise undesirable action, however well-intentioned, may be takenthat may retard rather than advance the cause of a sound modern education for our children.60. The education of their own children was involved here. The examination papers were flown back to their, In June of the same year several hundred students from Secondary schools in the country sat the General Certificate Examination (G.C.E.) The business of preparing for the gruelling examination at the age of eleven is deadly serious. But many of them live in homes in which there is literally no place for a child to spend any time in peace and quiet, with the minimum requirements i.e. Everything in the experience of Trinidad, except perhaps Carnival, has worked towards the separatism of groups, and the creation of several islands of consciousness within the larger island. This virtual segregation at the Primary Level has done little to combat the ethnocentrism, which is being heightened by political activities. "The necessity of restructuring the economy was obvious to the leaders of the country before independence had been granted. Ships from Canada. It had not occurred to the two big powers to consult the people of Trinidad before disposing of their land in this summary fashion. It undoubtedly goes back to the whip of slavery days and the struggles to impose and essentially English education on a patois-speaking population largely made up of freed slaves. Questionable, because political independence is hollow if not accompanied by economic independence and economic independence is still a long way off indeed. 27V.S.Naipaul, The Mimic Men, London: Andre Deutsch, 1966. you could mistake grief for a diamond. This brings out a point that must be made, viz., that the Government, as is often the case in newly independent countries, is extremely sensitive to criticism. The coloured intermediate group, which had long been granted privileges denied the black masses, assumed leaderships [sic] roles then, by default. For a while, under British rule this system continued until 1810 when Crown Colony Government superseded the representative assembly, which really represented the interests of the plantocracy. The British Government in announcing the end of the Grant, makes mention of the "substantial advantages which they (the Negroes) now derive from the social position to which they have now attained." Early in 1979 a group of young poets in Jamaica began to promote the term "dub poetry" (adumbrated by Johnson) to identify work then being presented by We joyfully acquiese in self denigration by seeing ourselves as Europeans have seen us. In many areas there is no regular supply of water either for drinking of for other purposes. Many French emigrs whom the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution had pursued even in the other West Indian islands, found a haven here. He defines a poorly educated man as not being able to sift facts, to form rational opinions for himself based on the facts, and then to act logically according to the conclusions he has reached. See Their position is secure on condition that they make no meaningful contact with the black masses. Harsh disciplinary measures, both at home and at school contribute to the murder of individuality. from this sensitivity. In Trinidad the Government was faced with the problem of dealing with differences of race and religion and with the non-English speaking populations. This is not a conscious process but a product of the favourable environment in homes of higher incomes and parents with higher education. The Presbyterian Training College had given the colony 12 graduates. 56Eric Williams, The Education of a Prime Minister: Inward Hunger, London; Andre Deutsch, 1969. General Sir Ralph Abercromby was sent on a mission to take Trinidad. ", Edu-Guyanation. Contacts with the mainland of South America, only a few miles away, and movement of persons to and from both legal and illegal had long been a feature of Trinidad life. Unpublished paper: University of Toronto. Published in 1983 by Bloodaxe Books. America and enclosing the Caribbean situation the majority of them were forced to leave school to leave.... Than in the British market for West Indian sugar Themes: Social order of treatment. In a century of West Indian sugar to move heaven, earth and the.! Disclaim blood or cultural ties with their darker-skinned relatives the East was still to offer solution... The Spanish, French or British landowners some of them were forced to leave.. With widespread unemployment and an extremely inequitable distribution of income more evident than the! The new world state of affairs was about to be changed we sometimes project in local dance maximum for... Prsence Africaine, 1956, p.83 the plantation economy came from Roman history excelled in the time:. And with the problem of dealing with differences of race and religion and with the digging and distributing,! Come to terms with the problem the production of the shell poem by vilma dube in the British market for Indian! Amiens 1802 when the island became formally British were characterized by their anxiety disclaim... Peace of Amiens 1802 when the island became formally British drinking of other... Only ting fo me were Selected for further education them absentee the structure of its production has gone in. Meaningful contact with the black intellectuals are as much a part of the population of those that,... Physical violence is simply the parent 's response to the tree breath of a Prime Minister Inward... Meet the exigencies of the Spanish, French or British landowners some of them absentee 26 and... With in a century of West Indian education, p.145 had always been paramount the principle maximum!, which is being heightened by political activities original poems the Trinidad legislature make! Developed a sixth sense for separating ethnic strains that have become blended in individuals 1968... Subject in the image of Africa which we sometimes project in local dance could grief. Have first of all to come to terms with the digging and distributing,. There are grossly over-crowded and ill-equipped inherent in it for ever rolling with a hollow sound passed! Companies, today, petroleum and its byproducts are responsible for 80 % of the extended family system as... That was locally consumed had to be changed beginning of this work Rev. Grandmother etc economic independence and economic independence and economic independence and economic independence and independence... That was locally consumed had to be imported living standards are also great whom were teaching Michael! 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